Provided in some aspects are methods for light-controlled in situ surface patterning of a substrate. Compositions such as nucleic acid arrays produced by the methods are also disclosed. In some embodiments, a method disclosed herein comprises using photocontrollable ligation of nucleic acid molecules with splints, wherein at least one of the splints comprises a photo-crosslinkable moiety. Photo-induced crosslinking of the splint to oligonucleotide molecules immobilized on a substrate allows the splint to remain attached to the oligonucleotide molecules during subsequent rounds of photoresist application and removal. A large diversity of barcodes can be created in molecules on the substrate via sequential rounds of light exposure, hybridization, and ligation.

The present invention relates to a bioelectrode for increasing abundance of cable bacteria, including an anode, a cathode, and a partition. The anode is horizontally disposed, and the cathode is disposed perpendicular to the anode. The anode and the cathode are separated by using the partition. An objective of the present invention is to provide a method for keeping a high abundance of the cable bacteria in sediments when oxygen content of overlying water is low and even in an anaerobic environment. The method can be further performed in a self-starting manner, and has a potential application prospect in ecological remediation of sediments.

Provided herein is a method of predicting operational tolerance in a transplant patent and/or identifying a transplant patient as a candidate for reducing the dosage of immunosuppressant, comprising determining the ratio of the expression level of an anti-inflammatory gene to the expression level of a pro-inflammatory gene in PBMCs from the patient. The method can further comprise determining the ratio in a sample of the graft of the patient. Also provided is a kit that can be used to practice the methods disclosed herein.