The invention relates to agents and methods for activation of immune effector cells and targeted delivery of the activated immune effector cells to target cells. In one embodiment, the invention involves providing to a subject immune effector cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In one embodiment, the invention involves administering RNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide (activation compound) comprising a binding moiety for the CAR and administering RNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide (docketing compound) comprising a binding moiety binding to target cells (primary targeting moiety) and a further binding moiety for the CAR (secondary target).

With supporting experimental data, this disclosure teaches that IF1 protein activity is a molecular determinant of lifespan, therein explaining why different species have different maximal lifespans, and it teaches a IF1 protein/fragment (or sequence variant thereof), or a fusion protein thereof, optionally a fusion protein comprising a Cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) sequence, as an agent to slow/delay/reduce aging in a subject, optionally as a component of a cosmetic, optionally to treat an age-correlated disease/disorder. Moreover it teaches other inhibitors of F1F0 ATP hydrolysis, including small molecules, of a number of different scaffolds, for this purpose. Furthermore, with supporting experimental data, it teaches that compounds that slow the ATP-hydrolysing mode of ATP synthase are useful for treating various diseases and disorders, including cancer, particularly cancers that utilise the Warburg effect.

The present disclosure relates to the identification of a novel nucleoside modification, referred to herein as anhydride U, present in tRNA molecules within the cell. The present disclosure further relates to the enzymatic and chemical production of anhydride U as well as methods for detecting and regulating the presence of anhydride U within the cell.